What percentage of kinetic energy of electrons is converted into x-rays at the anode?

In dental radiography, when electrons collide with the anode, only a small portion of the kinetic energy of these electrons is converted into x-rays. Specifically, it is generally understood that less than 1% of the kinetic energy is transformed into x-ray photons, while the vast majority (over 99%) is dissipated as heat. This low conversion efficiency is due to the nature of the interactions between the high-energy electrons and the target material of the anode.

The process involves the rapid deceleration of electrons when they strike the metal target, which primarily results in the generation of heat rather than x-rays. The heat generated necessitates effective cooling mechanisms within the x-ray tube to prevent overheating. Understanding this conversion rate highlights the need for radiographic equipment to manage the considerable thermal energy produced during the x-ray generation process, which is crucial for maintaining the longevity and functionality of the x-ray machine.

Options suggesting higher percentages, such as 25%, 50%, or 100%, misrepresent the efficiency of x-ray production in dental radiography, as they overlook the substantial heat loss associated with the electron interactions at the anode.